Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource History and Culture https://mail.nessia.org/files/original/60b9f4a17b66a8b7241354656be73e37.pdf ea1900c0de1c6ba9c1e65ece6baed69d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived JIMA: Volume 20, 1988. The original article was published in JlMA (1977) pp. 22-23 Title A name given to the resource Moral Values in Medicine and Science Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Isma'il R. al Faruqi Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document The first and most basic principle of lslam is Tawhid (literally, unitization), i.e., that there is no God but Allah. This principle is the foundation of the Muslim's view of life, of the world, of reality of knowledge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Language A language of the resource EN Title A name given to the resource Moral Values in Medicine and Science Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Isma'il R. al Faruqi Type The nature or genre of the resource Article journal Description An account of the resource Tawhid unites revealed truth and science. Muslims pursued science as a duty, integrating ethics to address global crises. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988 Subject The topic of the resource Islamic Philosophy Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF ethics in science islam islamic philosophy muslim scientists religion and science tawhid https://mail.nessia.org/files/original/9bbabc7f10bca24a0011f5c7a15c03bc.pdf 873df94f23a09492f090f905565b3574 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Al Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Isma'il R. al Faruqi Language A language of the resource EN Description An account of the resource Explores al-Tawhid, the unity of God, as central to Islamic thought, shaping ethics, society, politics, and human purpose. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF ethics islam islamic civilization islamic philosophy islamic theology islamic worldview metaphysics social order tawhid https://mail.nessia.org/files/original/62a91165ff9ae6ea5870cb043494db64.pdf b22183139e696adde7327cf6ee61d847 https://mail.nessia.org/files/original/2be9d9016869800ca17cc3865f6df479.pdf 476fdbd4f17759de5007e2c85f0a858a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Setting the Record Straight: The Historical Existence of Makkah Subject The topic of the resource History Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource EN Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mohd Elfie Nieshaem Juferi Description An account of the resource A constellation of revisionist authors — most notably Dan Gibson, whose work constitutes the most technically ambitious challenge to Makkah’s historicity, and supplemented by the polemical writings of Mark Durie and Peter Townsend — has in recent years advanced the claim that Makkah (Mecca) either did not exist as a significant settlement during the time of the Prophet Muḥammad or was not the original direction of Islamic prayer. These claims rest on selective reading of classical sources, misapplication of cartographic and archaeoastronomical data, systematic methodological inconsistency in the treatment of evidence, and a fundamental misunderstanding of the economics and sociology of pre-Islamic Arabian sanctuary cities. This article addresses each major revisionist claim in turn, presenting the cumulative epigraphic, cartographic, numismatic, literary, and archaeological evidence that firmly establishes Makkah’s historicity and its central role in the religious life of the Arabian Peninsula well before the rise of Islam. It further demonstrates that the revisionist methodology, when subjected to the same critical standards its proponents apply to the Islamic tradition, does not survive scrutiny, and that the scholarly consensus rejecting these claims is grounded not in confessional loyalty but in rigorous historical and scientific analysis.